Sudanese academic and research institutions have long suffered from varying degree of mis-management, poor management and inappropriate management. This chapter will attempt to explore a number of issues about human resource management (HRM) within the Sudanese academic and research institutions namely the University of Gezira (GU) and Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC). Before that happens it is necessary to engage in a little background study as an understanding of HRM in these institutions can only be possible in the context of understanding HRM and Sudan. Therefore the early parts of this chapter will deal with the context and activities of HRM that are applicable to both Sudan and Middle East. In particular there will be a focus on the practice and challenges of HRM within ARC and GU as well as a re-conceptualization of our understanding of HRM in Sudan.